600+ Types of Flowers A To Z (With Names and Pictures)
Types Of Flowers By Names (A-Z) Types Of Flowers By Color Types Of Flowers By Season Types Of Flowers By Blooming Time 600+ Types of Flowers No. Flower Name No.…
The Evening Primrose, a member of the Onagraceae family, sports yellow or pale yellow petals in a wide ovate shape, each measuring 2.5-3 cm in length and 2-2.8 cm in width, with a slightly indented tip. This hardy plant thrives in diverse conditions, tolerating acidic and dry environments.
It grows best in neutral, slightly alkaline or slightly acidic soil with good drainage, and it can even prosper in loose soil. However, it is prone to root diseases in overly wet soil. In the north, it is an annual plant, whereas south of the Huai River it is biennial.
Originally from North America, it was introduced to Europe in the early days and quickly spread to temperate and subtropical regions worldwide. The Evening Primrose is one of the most significant nutritional medicines discovered this century.
It can treat various diseases, regulate lipid levels in the blood, and it has shown marked efficacy against coronary artery thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and cerebral thrombosis caused by high cholesterol and hyperlipidemia.
The Evening Primrose is a biennial herbaceous plant with a rosette of basal leaves hugging the ground. It grows 50-200 cm tall, either branching or unbranched, and is covered in curly soft hair and long hairs, with glandular hairs often mixed in towards the top of the stem.
The basal leaves are oblanceolate, 10-25 cm long and 2-4.5 cm wide. They taper to a sharp point at the tip and are wedge-shaped at the base. The margins bear sparse, irregular, shallow blunt teeth, and 12-15 pairs of lateral veins are covered in soft curly hair and long hairs on both surfaces.
The leaf stalks are 1.5-3 cm long. Stem leaves are elliptical to oblanceolate, 7-20 cm long and 1-5 cm wide. They taper to a sharp or short pointed tip and are wedge-shaped at the base. The margins have 5-19 sparse blunt teeth on each side, and there are 6-12 pairs of lateral veins.
Both surfaces and especially the underside and edges of the upper stem leaves are covered in soft curly hair and long hairs, often mixed with glandular hairs. The leaf stalks are 0-15 mm long.
The inflorescence is spicate, unbranched, or possessing secondary side inflorescences under the main sequence. The leaf-like bracts are half the length of the flowers when in bud and elongate into elliptical oblanceolate shapes as they mature, reducing in size from bottom to top. Almost sessile, they measure 1.5-9 cm long and 0.5-2 cm wide and remain on the plant when it fruits.
The flower buds are conically oblong, 1.5-2 cm long and 4-5 mm thick, topped with a beak about 3 mm long. The flower tube is 2.5-3.5 cm long and 1-1.2 mm in diameter, greenish-yellow or reddish at bloom, and covered in a mix of soft hairs, long extended hairs, and short glandular hairs. The calyx falls off after flowering.
The sepals are green, sometimes red-tinted, oblong-oblanceolate, 1.8-2.2 cm long and 4-5 mm wide at their broadest point. The tip tapers abruptly into a tail 3-4 mm long. They stand erect and close together in the bud, then reflex from the base and curve upward in the middle upon opening.
The petals are yellow or pale yellow, broadly ovate, 2.5-3 cm long, 2-2.8 cm wide, and slightly indented at the tip. The filaments are almost equal in length, 10-18 mm long, and the anthers are 8-10 mm long. About 50% of the pollen grains develop.
The ovary is green, cylindrical, four-angled, 1-1.2 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm thick, densely covered in extended long hairs and short glandular hairs, and sometimes mixed with curly soft hairs. The style is 3.5-5 cm long, with the part protruding from the flower tube 0.7-1.5 cm long. The stigma is surrounded by anthers. During flowering, the pollen is directly deposited on the stigma lobes, which are 3-5 mm long.
The fruit is a conical-cylindrical capsule, tapering upwards, 2-3.5 cm long and 4-5 mm in diameter, standing upright. It’s green, covered in hairs similar to those on the ovary, but they gradually become sparse, with prominent ridges.
The seeds are horizontally arranged in the fruit. They are dark brown, angular, 1-1.5 mm long and 0.5-1 mm in diameter, with irregular pits on each surface.
Commonly found growing on open slopes or roadsides, it can withstand drought and poor soils. It thrives in black soil, sandy soil, loess, young forest lands, slightly saline-alkaline soils, wastelands, river beaches, and slopes.
Originally from North America (particularly Canada and the eastern United States), it was introduced to Europe in the early days and quickly spread to temperate and subtropical regions worldwide.
Propagation by seeds is common. In the north, seeds are sown in spring, while in areas south of the Huai River, seeds can be sown in either autumn or spring. When sowing, the soil should be finely raked and levelled.
The seeds are scattered on the bed surface and lightly raked over, covered with a thin layer of soil. As the seeds are small, they should not be covered too deeply, or their germination and growth will be hindered. After sowing, the soil needs to be kept moist. About 10-15 days after sowing, the seedlings can start to germinate.
Seeds can be sown in both spring and autumn, with autumn sowing occurring from mid-October until the onset of frost. If there is heavy winter snow, autumn sowing is better than spring sowing. Light snow may result in seedling gaps.
Spring sowing can be done before wheat sowing when the soil is thawed 2-3 cm deep. Due to the small sowing quantity, 60 kg of diammonium phosphate per hectare can be used as a filler for sowing; if insufficient, a certain amount of dry sawdust, roasted wheat, or rapeseed can be added. Sow to a depth of 1-2 cm, compact the soil timely after sowing.
Each hectare requires 6 kg of seeds, with a seedling survival rate of 400,000 to 500,000 per hectare. The planting density should not be too low, otherwise the plant will branch out, leading to inconsistent maturity.
Branches used for cutting are called cuttings. Generally, the robust, disease- and pest-free tips removed during the pinching process are used as cuttings, directly using the tops for cutting.
The optimal temperature for cuttings to root is between 18℃ and 25℃. Below 18℃, rooting is difficult and slow. Above 25℃, the cuttings’ cut ends are prone to bacterial infection and rot, and the higher the temperature, the greater the proportion of rot.
When low temperatures are encountered after cutting, the main method of insulation is to wrap the flower pot or container used for cutting with a film.
When the temperature is too high after cutting, the main method of cooling is to shade the cuttings, blocking 50-80% of sunlight, and mist the cuttings 3-5 times a day. On sunny days with high temperatures, mist more often; on cloudy, rainy days with lower temperatures, mist less or not at all.
After cutting, it’s essential to maintain the relative humidity of the air at 75-85%. This can be achieved by misting the cuttings to increase humidity, 1-3 times a day.
On sunny days with high temperatures, mist more often; on cloudy, rainy days with lower temperatures, mist less or not at all. However, excessive misting can lead to bacterial infections and rotting of the cuttings, as many types of bacteria exist in water.
Lighting: Propagation by cutting cannot be separated from sunlight exposure. However, the stronger the light, the higher the internal temperature of the cuttings, the more vigorous their transpiration, and the more water they consume, which is not conducive to the survival of cuttings.
Therefore, after cutting, 50-80% of sunlight must be blocked. Once roots have grown, gradually remove the shade net: on sunny days, remove the shade net at 4:00 in the afternoon, and cover it before 9:00 the next morning.
Rot Disease
When rot disease occurs, the roots of the plant gradually discolor and rot, the leaves wilt and dry out, and eventually, the whole plant dies. Prevention methods: Use 1% lime water, or 1500 times dilution of 50% tebuconazole, or 1000 times dilution of 75% carbendazim can be used for watering.
Spot Blight
(1) Symptoms: This disease mainly harms the leaves. After infection, the leaf spots are round, pale brown, 2-3 mm in diameter, with purplish-red edges and brown centers, densely covered with small black spots. If the disease is severe, it can cause leaf death.
(2) Cause of disease: The pathogen of the disease is Septoria oenotherae Westd., which belongs to the subphylum Ascomycotina, genus Septoria. The pathogen overwinters in the diseased residues with conidiophores and mycelium, and releases conidia for initial infection after absorbing water in the following spring.
The disease spreads mainly by rain splash and air flow in the field, and seed borne transmission causes long-distance spread. High temperature and humidity, continuous rain are conducive to the disease. Poor cultivation management and weak growth of plants are susceptible to disease. The peak of the disease is in July-August, the season of high temperature and heavy rain.
(3) Prevention and treatment methods:
① In the autumn, thoroughly clear the diseased leaves in the field, concentrate on burning or deep burial to reduce the amount of overwintering fungi in the field.
② Before sowing, soak the seeds in 500 times dilution of 50% Mancozeb or 50% Thiram for 30 minutes, and then sow after air drying.
③ In the early stage of the disease, spray with 500 times dilution of 50% Thiram or 600 times dilution of 50% Mancozeb once, and repeat every 10-15 days.
Functions and Indications
Relieves rheumatism; strengthens muscles and bones. It’s used for wind-cold dampness, muscle and bone soreness, promotes blood circulation, calms wind and liver, reduces swelling, heals sores.
It’s also used for angina pectoris, stroke hemiplegia, hyperactivity in children, rheumatic numbness, abdominal pain and diarrhea, dysmenorrhea, fox-like hallucinations, sores and ulcers, and eczema.
Pharmacological effects
This species has beautiful and fragrant flowers, often cultivated for ornamental use. Its flowers can be used to extract aromatic oils; its seeds can be pressed for edible and medicinal oils; the stem bark fibers can be used to make ropes.
Its seeds contain up to 25.1% oil, of which it contains up to 8.1% γ-linolenic acid, making it a species with the most promising development potential.
There’s a saying that when a woman gifts evening primrose to a man, it represents ‘silent love’. Another common interpretation is that evening primrose represents an unbending heart, a free heart. Some also say that the flower language of evening primrose is ‘beauty after bath’ magic.
Peggie was once a high school mathematics teacher, but she set aside her chalkboard and textbooks to follow her lifelong passion for flowers. After years of dedication and learning, she not only established a thriving flower shop but also founded this blog, “Flowers Library”. If you have any questions or wish to learn more about flowers, feel free to contact Peggie.
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