Plum Blossom Varieties: Classification, Symbolism, and Care Guide

Plum Blossom Varieties Classification

Based on branches and growth habits:

Leaf plum, right-angle plum, water-reflecting plum, and weeping plum.

Based on flower color and type:
Palace pink plum, red plum, water-reflecting plum, green calyx plum, big red plum, jade butterfly plum, golden sprinkle plum, and white plum.

Plum blossoms classified by ornamental features:

Lineage

Four major lineages:

1. Prunus mume (true plum)
2. Prunus armeniaca var. ansu (apricot plum)
3. Prunus pseudocerasus (cherry plum)
4. Prunus persica var. davidiana (wild peach plum)

Six major categories:

1. Straight branch plum
2. Drooping branch plum
3. Dragon swimming plum
   (The above three belong to the true plum lineage)
4. Apricot plum
5. Cherry plum
6. Wild peach plum
   (These three belong to their respective lineages)

19 types:

Straight branch plum (9 types):

1. Character plum (Ziti mei)
2. Small fine plum (Xiaoxi mei)
3. River plum (Jiangmei)
4. Palace pink (Gongfen)
5. Green calyx (Lüe)
6. Jade butterfly (Yudie)
7. Cinnabar (Zhusha)
8. Yellow fragrance (Huangxiang)
9. Golden sprinkle (Jinsa)

Drooping branch plum (5 types):

1. Pink flower drooping branch (Fenhualiu)
2. Five treasures drooping branch (Wubaoliu)
3. Residual blood drooping branch (Canxueliu)
4. White jade drooping branch (Baiyuliu)
5. Bone red drooping branch (Guhongliu)

Dragon swimming plum (1 type):

1. Jade butterfly dragon swimming (Yudie longyou)

Apricot plum (2 types):

1. Single petal apricot plum (Danban xingmei)
2. Spring later (Chunhou)

Cherry plum (1 type):

1. Beauty plum (Meiren mei)

Wild peach plum (1 type):

1. Wild peach plum (Shan tao mei)

This classification system provides a comprehensive overview of plum blossom varieties, taking into account their lineage, growth habits, and ornamental features. Each category offers unique characteristics in terms of flower shape, color, fragrance, and overall appearance, contributing to the rich diversity of plum blossoms in horticulture and landscape design.

Differences Between Plum Blossoms and Peach Blossoms

Color

Plum blossoms (Prunus mume) exhibit a diverse color palette, including shades of red, pink, yellow, and white. In contrast, peach blossoms (Prunus persica) are more vibrant but less varied in color, predominantly appearing in various shades of pink, with some cultivars producing pale white flowers.

Presence or absence of leaves when blooming

Plum blossoms are notable for their leafless flowering, a phenomenon known as hysteranthous blooming. The flowers emerge before the leaves, creating a striking display of bare branches adorned with blossoms. Peach blossoms, on the other hand, are synanthous, meaning their flowers and leaves appear simultaneously. This characteristic gives peach trees a lush appearance with flowers nestled among emerging foliage.

Judging by the tree structure and size

Plum trees are generally more compact, typically reaching heights of 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 feet). Their trunks are often smooth with a light gray to grayish-brown bark. Peach trees tend to be larger, growing to heights of 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) or more. Their trunks are characterized by a rougher texture and a darker gray-brown bark. The branching pattern of plum trees is often more intricate and spreading compared to the more upright growth habit of peach trees.

Judging by flowering time

The blooming periods of plum and peach blossoms are distinct, reflecting their adaptation to different climate conditions. Plum blossoms are renowned for their early flowering, often blooming in late winter to early spring, typically from late January to early March in the Northern Hemisphere.

This corresponds to the twelfth lunar month to February in the Chinese calendar. Peach blossoms generally flower later, typically in mid to late spring (March to April in the Northern Hemisphere), when temperatures are milder.

It’s important to note that exact blooming times can vary depending on local climate, elevation, and specific cultivars. Microclimates and yearly weather variations can also influence flowering times.

Examining petal characteristics

While plum and peach blossoms may appear similar at first glance, closer inspection reveals distinct differences in their petal structure. Plum blossoms typically have five petals that are more densely arranged and slightly thicker in texture. The petals often overlap, creating a fuller appearance with smaller gaps between them. This compact arrangement contributes to a more intense color display.

Peach blossoms also have five petals, but they are generally more loosely arranged with larger gaps between them. The petals of peach blossoms are usually thinner and more delicate in texture compared to plum blossoms. This characteristic gives peach blossoms a more open and airy appearance.

Additional distinguishing features:

1. Fragrance: Plum blossoms often have a strong, sweet fragrance, while peach blossoms typically have a milder, subtly sweet scent.
2. Bud shape: Plum flower buds are usually rounder, while peach flower buds tend to be more elongated and pointed.
3. Branch structure: Plum branches are often more gnarled and twisted, whereas peach branches tend to be straighter and more upright.
4. Cultural significance: Both flowers hold important places in East Asian culture, with plum blossoms symbolizing perseverance and hope, and peach blossoms representing love, longevity, and prosperity.

Understanding these distinctions not only aids in identification but also enhances appreciation for the unique beauty and characteristics of each blossom type in horticultural and landscape design contexts.

Symbolism of Plum Blossoms

Symbolizes noble character and perseverance

Wang Anshi’s renowned poem “Plum Blossom” eloquently captures the essence of this symbolism: “Several branches of plum at the corner of the wall, blooming alone in the cold, I know it’s not snow from afar, only a dark fragrance comes.”

This verse not only extols the noble quality of plum blossoms standing tall amidst snow and blooming before other flowers but also praises the spirit of bravery, fearlessness, and resilience in the face of adversity.

The plum blossom’s ability to persevere and thrive in severe cold, becoming even more beautiful under harsh conditions, exemplifies its admirable noble and tenacious character.

As spring arrives and other flowers bloom in abundance, the plum blossom quietly fades, its petals becoming part of the spring soil, anticipating its solitary bloom in the snow of the following winter.

Symbolizes good fortune and happiness

In traditional Chinese culture, plum blossoms symbolize the welcoming of spring, the harbinger of good news, and the promise of peace and good fortune.

Ancient scholars attributed four virtues to plum blossoms: the initial stamen represents origin (yuan), blooming represents prosperity (heng), bearing fruit represents benefit (li), and maturity represents steadfastness (zhen).

Later generations associated the five petals of plum blossoms with the five blessings (wu fu): happiness, prosperity, longevity, smoothness, and peace.

Consequently, plum blossoms are often given as gifts to friends and relatives, appreciated for both their beauty and symbolic meaning. Poetry and paintings featuring plum blossoms have also gained widespread admiration.

Symbolizes a charming young woman

The plum blossom’s ability to stand proudly in severe cold and bloom in solitude before other flowers has earned it the poetic epithets “frost beauty” and “cold beauty” due to its resilient and dignified nature.

A classical Chinese poem beautifully illustrates this association: “Living by the bend of a cold stream, plum blossoms mix with the warm spring, learning to make up like a young maiden, laughing with rosy lips.” This verse draws a parallel between the delicate beauty of plum blossoms and the charming appearance of a young woman.

Symbolizes enduring friendship

Throughout history, poets have employed plum blossoms as a symbol of lasting friendship. Lu Kai’s “Jingzhou Record” provides a touching example: “Break a plum and meet a postman, send it to the people of Longtou, there is nothing in the south of the Yangtze River, just send a branch of spring.”

This passage describes the act of sending a plum blossom branch from the Yangtze River’s southern region to the distant Fan Ye, with the plum blossom embodying their profound friendship. The great Song Dynasty poet Su Shi also penned a line that evokes this sentiment: “Hand in hand in the river village, plum blossoms fluttering skirts.”

In horticulture, Prunus mume, commonly known as the Chinese plum or Japanese apricot, is the species most often associated with these symbolic meanings. This deciduous tree or shrub, native to China and Korea, typically blooms in late winter to early spring, producing fragrant flowers in shades of white, pink, and red. Its ability to flower in cold weather, often while snow still covers the ground, reinforces its cultural significance as a symbol of resilience and hope.

Plum Blossom Period

Plum Blossom Blooming Period

The blooming time of plum blossoms (Prunus mume) varies among cultivars, but they generally flower in late winter to early spring. In most temperate regions, this falls between January and February, while in colder northern areas, blooming may occur later, around March and April.

To encourage blooming around the Lunar New Year (Spring Festival), a carefully controlled environment is necessary. Gradually increase temperatures to 8-12°C (46-54°F), ensure ample sunlight exposure, and maintain appropriate humidity by occasionally misting the branches.

Apply a diluted, balanced liquid fertilizer with emphasis on phosphorus to promote flowering. Selective pruning can also enhance plant density and vigor, leading to more abundant blooms.

Plum Blossom Blooming Period Care

To induce flowering for the Spring Festival, begin preparations well in advance:

1. Temperature control: Gradually raise indoor temperatures to 8-12°C (46-54°F).
2. Light management: Place the plant in a well-lit area, avoiding direct sunlight which can damage delicate buds. Bright, indirect light is ideal.
3. Ventilation: Provide good air circulation when weather permits, but protect the plant from cold drafts.
4. Watering: Exercise caution with watering during winter dormancy. Before flower buds form, maintain humidity by misting the leaves or surrounding air. Once buds appear, reduce misting to prevent bud rot.
5. Fertilization: Prior to the blooming period, apply a diluted liquid fertilizer high in phosphorus (such as a 3-12-6 NPK ratio) to support bud development and prolonged flowering.
6. Pruning: Regular, judicious pruning encourages dense growth and increases the number of flower buds. This practice also improves overall plant structure and promotes vibrant blooms.

The Flower Language of Plum Blossom

In Chinese culture, the plum blossom (梅花, méihuā) holds deep symbolism and is one of the “Four Gentlemen” in traditional Chinese art and literature. Its flower language encompasses:

1. Resilience: Enduring frost and snow, symbolizing strength in adversity.
2. Renewal: Heralding spring’s arrival, representing hope and new beginnings.
3. Nobility: Embodying elegance and refinement without ostentation.
4. Integrity: Symbolizing virtue and moral uprightness, especially in challenging circumstances.
5. Modesty: Representing humility and the beauty of simplicity.
6. Perseverance: Demonstrating the ability to thrive in harsh conditions.

The plum blossom is often seen as a metaphor for the ideal Confucian scholar: virtuous, resilient, and unaffected by worldly concerns. Its early blooming amidst winter’s chill has made it a powerful symbol of resilience and the promise of spring, earning it the title of “messenger of spring” in East Asian cultures.

How to Grow Plum Blossoms

Cultivation Environment

(1) Soil: Plum blossoms thrive in loose, fertile, and well-draining soil. A slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0) is ideal for optimal growth.

(2) Watering: Maintain consistent soil moisture during the active growing season. In summer, water twice daily, focusing on early morning and late afternoon. Spring and fall require once-daily watering. In winter, follow the “water thoroughly when dry” principle. Regardless of season, ensure proper drainage to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot.

(3) Sunlight: Plum blossoms require full sun to partial shade. Provide at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily. Insufficient light can result in weak growth, reduced flowering, and increased susceptibility to diseases.

(4) Temperature: Optimal growing temperatures range from 15°C to 20°C (59°F to 68°F). While plum blossoms can tolerate brief periods of frost, prolonged exposure to low temperatures can delay blooming and potentially damage buds.

(5) Fertilizing: Incorporate slow-release organic fertilizer into the soil when planting. Before flowering, apply a low-nitrogen, high-phosphorus fertilizer (such as 5-10-5) to promote bud formation. Once flowers appear, switch to a balanced fertilizer (like 10-10-10). During the growing season, feed monthly with a diluted liquid fertilizer or apply compost tea to support healthy growth.

Pruning

Prune immediately after potting to establish the desired shape, especially when creating bonsai. Subsequently, prune as needed based on the plant’s growth.

Remove crossing, vertical, dead, or overcrowded branches, and shorten side branches to maintain an attractive form. Pruning not only enhances aesthetics but also improves air circulation and light penetration, promoting overall plant health and abundant blooming.

Propagation Methods

(1) Seed Propagation: Harvest ripe fruits in September, remove the flesh, and clean the seeds. Stratify seeds by placing them in moist sand in a refrigerator for 2-3 months to break dormancy. Sow in late winter or early spring in a well-draining seed starting mix. Maintain consistent moisture and temperatures around 20°C (68°F) for germination.

(2) Grafting Propagation: Two primary methods are used: branch grafting and bud grafting. While peach and other stone fruit rootstocks can be used, plum rootstock is preferred for its higher success rate and superior growth compatibility.

Perform grafting in late winter or early spring when the rootstock is still dormant but about to enter its active growth phase. Ensure the cambium layers of both scion and rootstock align for successful union.

Additional Care Tips:

• Mulch around the base of the tree to retain moisture and suppress weeds.
• Protect from strong winds, which can damage delicate blossoms.
• Monitor for pests such as aphids and scale insects, treating promptly with appropriate organic or chemical controls.
• Practice proper sanitation by removing fallen leaves and fruit to prevent disease spread.

By following these detailed guidelines, you can successfully cultivate beautiful and healthy plum blossoms, enjoying their delicate beauty and sweet fragrance in your garden or as stunning bonsai specimens.

Can Wax Plum Bonsai Be Raised Indoors?

Yes, wax plum bonsai (Chaenomeles sinensis) can be successfully raised indoors, but it requires careful consideration and specific care to thrive.

Suitability for Indoor Cultivation

Wax plum bonsai is adaptable to indoor environments, making it a popular choice for home gardeners. However, it’s essential to understand its needs and potential challenges:

1. Non-toxic nature: The plant itself is non-toxic and generally safe for indoor spaces. However, its fruits are inedible and potentially harmful if ingested. If you have children or pets, place the bonsai out of reach to prevent accidental consumption.
2. Air purification: Like many plants, wax plum bonsai can contribute to improved indoor air quality. It may help filter dust particles and some airborne pollutants, promoting a fresher indoor environment.
3. Ornamental value: Wax plum bonsai offers significant aesthetic appeal with its bright yellow flowers and attractive form. It can enhance the visual appeal of living spaces, adding a touch of nature to your home decor.

Considerations for Indoor Care

While wax plum bonsai can be grown indoors, it’s important to replicate its natural growing conditions as closely as possible:

1. Light requirements: Wax plum prefers full sun to partial shade. When grown indoors, place it near a south-facing window to ensure adequate light. Insufficient light may result in reduced flowering and paler foliage.
2. Temperature and humidity: Maintain temperatures between 60-75°F (15-24°C). Wax plum appreciates good air circulation, so consider using a small fan or regularly opening windows to improve airflow.
3. Watering and soil: Use well-draining bonsai soil and water thoroughly when the top inch of soil feels dry. Avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot.
4. Pruning and shaping: Regular pruning is essential to maintain the bonsai form and encourage dense growth. Prune after flowering to shape the plant and remove any dead or crossing branches.
5. Fertilization: Feed with a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer formulated for bonsai during the growing season, following package instructions for indoor plants.
6. Winter dormancy: Wax plum bonsai benefits from a period of winter dormancy. Consider moving it to a cooler location (around 40°F or 4°C) for a few months during winter to mimic its natural cycle.

Potential Challenges

1. Reduced flowering: Indoor conditions may result in fewer flowers compared to outdoor-grown specimens.
2. Pest management: Monitor for common indoor plant pests like spider mites and scale insects, treating promptly if detected.
3. Allergies: While rare, some individuals may be sensitive to wax plum. If anyone in your household has plant allergies, observe for any adverse reactions.

In conclusion, wax plum bonsai can be successfully cultivated indoors with proper care and attention to its specific needs. By providing adequate light, appropriate watering, and regular maintenance, you can enjoy the beauty and benefits of this charming bonsai in your home environment.

A Collection of Poems About Plum Blossoms

The north wind understands, be gentle, do not harm. – Cui Daorong’s “Plum Blossom”

Waiting until the mountain flowers are in full bloom, she smiles in the bushes. – Mao Zedong’s “Yuefu·Ode to Plum Blossoms”

A few plum branches in the corner of the wall, blooming alone in the cold. – Wang Anshi’s “Plum Blossom”

The sparse shadow slants across the clear shallow water, the faint fragrance floats at the dusk of the moon. – Lin Bu’s “Mountain Garden Small Plum·One”

Falling into mud and grinding into dust, only the fragrance remains. – Lu You’s “Yuefu·Ode to Plum Blossoms”

Knowing from afar that it’s not snow, because of the faint fragrance. – Wang Anshi’s “Plum Blossom”

The plum must be three parts whiter than the snow, yet the snow loses to the plum’s fragrance. – Lu Meipo’s “Snow Plum·One”

Without experiencing bone-chilling cold, how can the fragrance of plum blossoms be enjoyed. – Huang Tingjian’s “Inscription on the Plum Blossom Hall”

Wind and rain send spring back, flying snow welcomes spring. – Mao Zedong’s “Yuefu·Ode to Plum Blossoms”

Don’t want people to praise the good color, just leave the pure air to fill the universe. – Wang Mian’s “Ink Plum”

It’s already a hundred-foot ice cliff, yet there’s still a charming blossom branch. – Mao Zedong’s “Yuefu·Ode to Plum Blossoms”

No intention to bitterly compete for spring, let the group of flowers be jealous. – Lu You’s “Yuefu·Ode to Plum Blossoms”

Outside the post station, by the broken bridge, lonely and ownerless. – Lu You’s “Yuefu·Ode to Plum Blossoms”

In front of the brocade window in the coming days, the cold plum has not yet bloomed. – Wang Wei’s “Three Miscellaneous Poems”

Under the steps, fallen plums are like chaotic snow, brushing off a full body. – Li Yu’s “Clear and Peaceful Music·Half Spring Since You’ve Been Away”

Not vying for spring, just announcing the arrival of spring. – Mao Zedong’s “Yuefu·Ode to Plum Blossoms”

The tree at the head of my family’s inkstone washing pool, each blossom leaves a faint ink mark. – Wang Mian’s “Ink Plum”

Unwilling to return to the jade tower and golden palace, just get drunk in Luoyang with plum blossoms. – Zhu Dunru’s “Partridge Sky·A Work of the West Capital”