1. Oenothera Rosea Oenothera rosea, commonly known as the Pink Evening Primrose or Rose Evening Primrose, is a captivating perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Onagraceae family. This species is characterized by its robust taproot system and clustered stems that typically reach heights of 30-50 cm, featuring multiple branches. The plant’s surface is adorned with […]
Oenothera rosea, commonly known as the Pink Evening Primrose or Rose Evening Primrose, is a captivating perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Onagraceae family. This species is characterized by its robust taproot system and clustered stems that typically reach heights of 30-50 cm, featuring multiple branches. The plant’s surface is adorned with curved, soft trichomes, which are particularly dense on young growth.
The lower portions of the stems often display a distinctive purplish-red hue. The basal leaves form a rosette close to the ground and are inversely lanceolate in shape, with apices that can be either acute or obtuse. The petioles exhibit a pale purple-red coloration. Stem leaves are sessile, with blunt tips on upper leaves and more acute tips on those situated mid-stem.
Leaf margins are serrated, and the leaf bases are attenuate. The fruit is a capsule, rod-shaped with four prominent wings, terminating in a short beak. Each capsule contains numerous seeds arranged in nearly transverse clusters, with individual seeds being elongated ovoid in shape.
Native to a region spanning from southern Texas to Mexico, Oenothera rosea has a natural distribution that extends through the temperate mountainous areas of the southwestern United States, Central America, and parts of South America. Through cultivation and naturalization, it has now established populations in Eurasia and South Africa.
This adaptable species thrives in a variety of habitats, including disturbed areas, sun-exposed slopes, margins of secondary forests, roadsides, riverbanks, urban interstices, and partially shaded ditches. It is commonly found at elevations between 1000-2000 meters above sea level.
The Pink Evening Primrose offers exceptional ornamental value, making it an ideal choice for enhancing nocturnal landscapes, gardens, courtyards, flower beds, and roadside plantings. Its pink flowers, which typically open in the evening, create a mesmerizing display, especially in low-light conditions.
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, Oenothera rosea possesses significant economic and medicinal value. The roots of the plant have been traditionally used for their anti-inflammatory properties and potential to lower blood pressure. Recent phytochemical studies have identified various bioactive compounds in the plant, including flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids, which contribute to its therapeutic potential.
In horticultural settings, this species is prized for its drought tolerance and ability to attract pollinators, particularly moths, which are drawn to its evening-blooming flowers. The Pink Evening Primrose can serve as an excellent addition to wildlife gardens, contributing to local biodiversity.
For optimal growth, Oenothera rosea prefers well-drained soils and full sun to partial shade conditions. While it can tolerate a range of soil types, it thrives in slightly acidic to neutral pH levels. Regular deadheading can promote continuous blooming throughout its growing season, typically from late spring to early fall.
Oenothera speciosa, commonly known as the Showy Evening Primrose or Pink Ladies, is a resilient perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Onagraceae family. This charming wildflower typically reaches heights of 30-60 cm (1-2 feet), with a spreading habit that can form extensive colonies.
The plant’s foliage consists of alternate, lanceolate to ovate leaves, 2-10 cm long, with slightly toothed margins. The leaves are often tinged with reddish hues, particularly in cooler temperatures or stressful conditions. Flowers emerge from the leaf axils along the upper portion of the stems, usually in pairs or small clusters.
The distinctive flowers of Oenothera speciosa are its most striking feature. Each bloom measures 4-6 cm in diameter and comprises four heart-shaped petals. While predominantly pink, the flower color can vary from pale pink to deep rose, sometimes featuring white varieties. The flowers emit a subtle, sweet fragrance, particularly noticeable in the evening hours. True to its name, the blooms often open in the late afternoon and remain open through the night, though they may also be seen during daytime hours.
Flowering occurs from spring through summer, typically from April to August, depending on the climate. The fruit is a nearly cylindrical capsule, 2-3 cm long, which matures and releases seeds from late summer through early winter (September to December).
Native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, Oenothera speciosa has now naturalized in many parts of the world, including numerous provinces in China. It thrives in USDA hardiness zones 4-9.
This adaptable plant prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade, especially in hotter climates. It flourishes in warm, humid environments but demonstrates remarkable drought tolerance once established. The Showy Evening Primrose performs best in well-draining, loose soils with moderate fertility. It can adapt to various soil types, including sandy or rocky soils, making it an excellent choice for xeriscaping or low-maintenance gardens.
Propagation of Oenothera speciosa is versatile and efficient. The plant readily self-seeds, often to the point of being considered invasive in some regions. Controlled propagation can be achieved through seed sowing in spring or by dividing established plants in early spring or fall. Root cuttings taken in late winter can also be successful.
The Showy Evening Primrose boasts significant medicinal properties. Traditionally, various Native American tribes used the entire plant for its healing qualities. A poultice made from the mashed plant mixed with warm water can be applied topically to treat minor skin injuries, irritations, and inflammatory conditions. The plant contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which has anti-inflammatory properties.
Aromatherapy enthusiasts appreciate the Showy Evening Primrose for its gentle, calming scent. The aroma is believed to help alleviate stress, reduce nervous tension, combat fatigue, and promote restful sleep. This makes it a valuable addition to relaxation gardens or sensory landscapes.
In the language of flowers, Oenothera speciosa symbolizes unconditional love, deep friendship, and strong familial bonds. Its representation of selfless giving makes it a thoughtful choice for gifting or including in meaningful landscape designs.
As a low-maintenance, drought-tolerant plant with extended blooming periods, Oenothera speciosa is an excellent choice for gardeners seeking both beauty and practicality. Its ability to attract pollinators, particularly moths and bees, further enhances its value in ecological gardening practices.
The Oncidium Hybridum, commonly known as the Dancing Lady Orchid, is a perennial epiphytic orchid renowned for its vibrant and intricate floral displays. This hybrid genus, derived from various Oncidium species, belongs to the diverse Orchidaceae family. The plant is characterized by its distinctive pseudobulbs, which are flattened, oval-shaped structures that serve as water and nutrient storage organs.
The foliage of Oncidium Hybridum consists of robust, leathery leaves that emerge from the apex of each pseudobulb. Typically, one to three leaves grow per pseudobulb, exhibiting elliptical to lanceolate shapes. These leaves are crucial for photosynthesis and contribute to the plant’s overall health.
The inflorescence of the Dancing Lady Orchid is a spectacular raceme that emerges from the base of the mature pseudobulb. This flower spike can reach impressive lengths, often bearing numerous flowers. The blossoms are notable for their complex structure, with the labellum (lip) being particularly prominent.
The lip, which gives the orchid its “dancing lady” appearance, comes in various shades of yellow, white, or maroon, often with intricate patterns or spots. The size of the flowers can vary significantly across different hybrids, ranging from small and delicate to large and showy. Some varieties are prized for their fragrance, adding an olfactory dimension to their appeal.
Native to the neotropical regions of the Americas, including Brazil, Peru, and Mexico, Oncidium hybrids have been widely cultivated and naturalized in other tropical and subtropical areas. Their distribution now extends to countries like the United States, Colombia, Ecuador, and beyond, owing to their popularity in horticulture.
Oncidium Hybridum thrives in environments that mimic its natural habitat. It prefers warm temperatures, typically between 60-80°F (15-27°C), with a slight drop at night. The ideal growing conditions include:
Propagation of Oncidium Hybridum is primarily achieved through two methods:
The Dancing Lady Orchid’s lightweight structure and cascading inflorescences make it an excellent choice for hanging baskets or mounted displays. Its flowers, resembling graceful butterflies in flight, create a dynamic and eye-catching presentation. This visual appeal, combined with its relatively easy care requirements, has made Oncidium Hybridum increasingly popular for home cultivation.
In the commercial floriculture industry, Oncidium hybrids have gained significant importance. They are considered one of the “Five Beauties” of cut flowers, alongside roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, and gerberas. Their long-lasting blooms, unique appearance, and variety of colors have established them as a staple in both domestic and international flower markets.
The cultivation of Oncidium Hybridum represents an exciting intersection of botanical science, horticultural artistry, and commercial floriculture. As breeding techniques advance, we can expect to see even more diverse and captivating varieties of this beloved orchid in the future.
The Orchidaceae, commonly known as orchids, are a diverse family of monocotyledonous flowering plants that can be terrestrial, epiphytic, or lithophytic. They are characterized by their bilateral symmetry, highly modified petals, and microscopic seeds.
Orchids feature several to many leaves, typically arranged in two rows (distichous), growing at the base or along the pseudobulb. The leaves are generally strap-shaped, but can vary from lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, often with prominent parallel veins.
The base of the plant usually has a broad sheath enclosing the pseudobulb, a specialized storage organ that helps orchids survive periods of drought. The inflorescence is typically racemose, bearing numerous flowers that showcase an extraordinary range of colors, including white, cream, yellow, green, pink, red, purple, and various combinations thereof. Some species even exhibit blue hues, though true blue is rare in orchids.
In traditional Chinese culture, the term “orchid” (蘭, lán) primarily refers to a select group of terrestrial orchids native to China, collectively known as “Chinese Orchids”. These include:
While these species may lack the bold colors and large blooms of their tropical counterparts, they are highly prized for their subtle beauty, delicate fragrance, and cultural significance. Their modest appearance embodies qualities of refinement, nobility, and quiet elegance that resonate deeply with traditional Eastern aesthetic values.
The orchid holds a revered place in Chinese culture, symbolizing elegance, nobility, and moral integrity. It is one of the “Four Gentlemen” (四君子, sì jūnzǐ) in Chinese art and literature, alongside the plum blossom, bamboo, and chrysanthemum. Each represents a season and embodies specific virtues; the orchid represents spring and stands for refinement, purity, and humility.
The cultural significance of orchids extends to various aspects of Chinese life and language:
The cultivation and appreciation of orchids in China date back over two millennia, with references found in ancient texts such as the “Book of Songs” (詩經, Shījīng). This long-standing tradition has significantly influenced Chinese art, literature, and philosophy, cementing the orchid’s status as a cultural icon that continues to inspire and captivate to this day.
The Orchis Chusua, also known as the Chusua Orchid, is a widely distributed terrestrial orchid species with remarkable adaptability. This perennial herb typically stands 5-45 cm tall, showcasing considerable variation in size. Its underground structure consists of an oblong or spherical tuber that is fleshy and undivided, serving as a storage organ for nutrients and water.
The stem of Orchis Chusua is erect and cylindrical, providing sturdy support for the plant. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stem and exhibit an oblong to lanceolate shape. Notably, unlike some other orchid species, the leaves of Orchis Chusua lack purple spots on their surface, presenting a uniform green coloration.
The inflorescence of this orchid is a raceme, bearing 1-20 flowers that often display a secund arrangement, meaning they tend to lean or face towards one side of the stem. This characteristic gives the flower cluster a distinctive appearance.
The flowers of Orchis Chusua are predominantly purple-red or pink, creating a visually striking display. The petals are erect and vary in shape from obliquely ovate to broadly ovate, or narrowly ovate to oblong. They measure 5-7 mm in length and 3-4 mm in width. The petal apex is blunt, and the margins lack ciliation (eyelash-like projections). The base of the petals may be slightly or obviously protruding, adding to the flower’s unique structure.
A key feature of the Orchis Chusua flower is its labellum or lip petal. This specialized petal extends forward and is notably larger and wider than the sepals. The lip is three-lobed and, like the other petals, lacks ciliation on its edges. This prominent labellum serves as a landing platform for pollinators, playing a crucial role in the orchid’s reproductive strategy.
Orchis Chusua has a specific blooming period, flowering from June to August. This summer-flowering habit coincides with the peak activity of many pollinators in its native habitats.
The species demonstrates remarkable ecological versatility, thriving in a variety of habitats across a wide altitudinal range. It can be found growing under forests, in shrublands, alpine shrub communities, and alpine meadows. The plant’s ability to adapt to different elevations is particularly noteworthy, with populations occurring from as low as 500 meters to as high as 4500 meters above sea level.
Geographically, Orchis Chusua has a broad distribution across Asia. It is native to China, the Korean Peninsula, Japan, and extends to Western Siberia in Russia. In the Himalayan region, it can be found in Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Northern India. The species’ range also includes Northern Myanmar, highlighting its adaptability to various climatic conditions.
Due to its attractive flowers and ability to thrive in diverse environments, Orchis Chusua has gained recognition for its horticultural value. It is cultivated for ornamental purposes, appealing to orchid enthusiasts and gardeners interested in unique and adaptable species. However, as with many wild orchids, sustainable cultivation practices are essential to prevent over-collection from natural habitats and to ensure the conservation of wild populations.
The Orchis italica, commonly known as the Naked Man Orchid or Italian Man Orchid, is a captivating species belonging to the Orchidaceae family. This terrestrial orchid typically reaches a height of 20-50 cm (8-20 inches). Its inflorescence showcases a dense spike of pale pink to purple flowers, each adorned with intricate dark stripes on the helmet-shaped upper petals (sepals and petals collectively known as tepals in orchids).
The flower’s distinctive appearance, which gives rise to its whimsical common names, is due to the labellum (the specialized lower petal) that resembles a stylized human form. The central lobe of the labellum is elongated and split, creating the illusion of legs, while the lateral lobes form “arms.” The upper tepals curve over to form a “head,” completing the anthropomorphic appearance that fancifully suggests a naked man wearing a hat.
Orchis italica typically blooms from late March to early May, with peak flowering occurring in April. After pollination, the plant produces erect capsules containing thousands of minute seeds.
This orchid species thrives in a variety of Mediterranean habitats, showing a preference for calcareous (limestone-rich) soils. It can be found in open grasslands, garigue (low scrubland), olive groves, and the edges of woodland areas. The plant’s natural distribution spans the Mediterranean basin, including countries such as Italy, Greece, Turkey, and parts of North Africa.
Orchis italica, like many orchid species, has a complex relationship with soil fungi, relying on mycorrhizal associations for germination and nutrient uptake. This symbiosis contributes to the species’ specific habitat requirements and can make cultivation challenging outside its native range.
Conservation efforts are important for this orchid, as habitat loss and over-collection for horticultural purposes have impacted some populations. Admiring these unique plants in their natural habitat, rather than attempting to transplant them, is crucial for their preservation.
Osmanthus fragrans, commonly known as sweet osmanthus or tea olive, is a distinguished evergreen tree or shrub belonging to the Oleaceae family. This species is renowned for its exquisitely fragrant flowers, which have earned it a place among China’s top ten famous flowers.
The sweet osmanthus is characterized by its opposite, leathery leaves that are oval to elliptical-lanceolate in shape, with tapering tips and bases. The flowers, though small, are exceptionally aromatic and typically bloom from late summer through autumn (September to October). Following pollination, the plant produces small, oval-shaped drupes that ripen to a purplish-black color by the following March.
Native to East Asia, Osmanthus fragrans thrives in warm, humid climates with moderate sunlight exposure. The optimal growing conditions include:
Pucheng County in Fujian Province, China, is renowned as one of the primary cultivation areas for Osmanthus fragrans, owing to its ideal climate and soil conditions. The region’s yellow-brown soil or yellow-brown earth provides an excellent substrate for the plant’s growth.
Propagation of Osmanthus fragrans can be achieved through several methods:
Each method has its advantages, with asexual reproduction techniques often preferred for maintaining specific cultivar characteristics.
In landscape design, Osmanthus fragrans is highly valued for its versatility. It can be grown as a specimen tree, hedge, or container plant. The plant’s sweet fragrance makes it an excellent choice for placement near patios, walkways, or windows where its scent can be fully appreciated.
Beyond its ornamental value, Osmanthus fragrans has cultural significance in East Asian traditions. Its flowers are used to flavor teas, wines, and confections, while also playing a role in traditional medicine for their potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Proper care of Osmanthus fragrans includes regular pruning to maintain shape and promote dense growth, as well as monitoring for potential pests such as scale insects or spider mites. With appropriate attention, this remarkable plant can provide beauty and fragrance to gardens for many years, often living for several decades.
Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Changbingjingui’ is a distinguished cultivar of the sweet osmanthus, an evergreen shrub or small tree prized for its exquisite fragrance and ornamental value. This particular variety stands out for its exceptional growth rate among autumn-flowering osmanthus cultivars.
Morphology:
The leaves of ‘Changbingjingui’ are arranged oppositely on the stems. They are simple, leathery, and possess entire margins. A notable feature is the presence of glandular spots on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. The leaves are petiolate, allowing for flexible attachment to the branches.
Reproductive Structures:
This cultivar exhibits a complex reproductive system. It can be dioecious, with separate male and female plants, or andromonoecious, where male and bisexual flowers occur on different plants. The inflorescences are umbellate, clustered in leaf axils, with short, terminal conical structures. At the base of each inflorescence are two bracts, fused at their base, providing protection to the developing flowers.
Floral Anatomy:
Fruit and Seed:
The fruit is a drupe, ellipsoid or oblique-ellipsoid in shape. It contains a hard or bony endocarp, usually enclosing a single seed. The seed’s endosperm is fleshy, with flat cotyledons and an upward-pointing radicle.
Genetic Information:
The chromosome base number for Osmanthus fragrans is x=23, which is consistent across the species.
Horticultural Significance:
‘Changbingjingui’ is a highly sought-after cultivar in ornamental horticulture. Its rapid growth rate sets it apart from other autumn-flowering osmanthus varieties, making it an excellent choice for landscapes where quicker establishment is desired. This cultivar combines the cherished fragrance of sweet osmanthus with enhanced vigor, offering both aesthetic and practical advantages in garden design and urban greening projects.
Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Rixianggui’ is an exquisite cultivar of sweet osmanthus, belonging to the family Oleaceae. This evergreen shrub is renowned for its compact, full shape and well-developed root system. ‘Rixianggui’, which translates to “Daily Fragrant Osmanthus,” lives up to its name with its prolific blooming and intense fragrance.
Morphology:
Flowering characteristics:
Origin and Cultural Requirements:
Native to Cangxi County in northern Sichuan, China, ‘Rixianggui’ thrives in:
Propagation methods:
Landscape and Horticultural Uses:
‘Rixianggui’ is versatile in its applications:
Due to its resilience and adaptability, ‘Rixianggui’ is particularly well-suited for cultivation in the vast region south of the Yangtze River. It excels in various landscape settings:
Additional uses:
The combination of its aesthetic appeal, powerful fragrance, and robust nature makes Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Rixianggui’ an invaluable asset in both ornamental horticulture and landscape design. Its ability to thrive in diverse environments while offering year-round interest through its foliage and flowers ensures its continued popularity among gardeners and landscapers alike.
Osmanthus fragrans ‘Jin Qiu Gui’ is a remarkable new cultivar of sweet osmanthus, developed through decades of meticulous breeding by horticultural scientists. This premium variety, derived from golden osmanthus populations, exhibits distinct identification features and consistent phenotypic characteristics.
The flowers of ‘Jin Qiu Gui’ are a striking golden yellow, emitting a potent and enduring fragrance. The inflorescence is characterized by densely packed flower buds, numerous flowering nodes, and short internodes, resulting in a compact floral display.
‘Jin Qiu Gui’ surpasses other golden osmanthus varieties in several aspects, including flower size, petal structure, color intensity, and fragrance potency. Most notably, it produces 2-4 times more flower buds per node (4-5 buds) compared to other golden osmanthus cultivars.
A unique feature of ‘Jin Qiu Gui’ is its ability to produce flower buds on two-year-old branches, extending the inflorescences deeper into the shrub’s canopy. This trait contributes to a spectacular display when in full bloom, with flowers adorning the entire plant.
The dense arrangement of flower buds is particularly striking during peak flowering. At this time, all 4-5 flower buds on both sides of the opposite nodes open simultaneously. Dozens of small flowers cluster at each node, forming small, spherical floral aggregations. This eye-catching display of golden blossoms inspired the cultivar’s name ‘Jin Qiu Gui’, which translates to “Golden Autumn Osmanthus”.
This cultivar’s exceptional flowering characteristics, combined with its intense fragrance and visual appeal, make Osmanthus fragrans ‘Jin Qiu Gui’ a prized addition to ornamental gardens and landscapes.
Osmanthus Fragrans ‘Jiulonggui’ is a distinguished cultivar of sweet osmanthus native to Sichuan province, China. This traditional variety is prized for its exceptional fragrance and ornamental value. It grows as an evergreen shrub or small tree, typically reaching heights of 3-5 meters in cultivation.
The foliage of ‘Jiulonggui’ is characterized by opposite, simple leaves that are leathery in texture and elliptical to ovate in shape. These leaves, measuring 7-15 cm long and 2.5-5 cm wide, have entire margins and are often glandular-punctate on both surfaces, contributing to their aromatic quality. Each leaf is supported by a short petiole, usually 0.8-1.5 cm in length.
The flowers of ‘Jiulonggui’ are its most celebrated feature. They are small (about 5-10 mm in diameter) but profuse, appearing in dense clusters in the leaf axils or occasionally in small terminal corymbs. The inflorescence is subtended by two bracts that are fused at the base. Flowers can be bisexual or unisexual (the plant being either dioecious or monoecious), reflecting the complex reproductive strategies within the Osmanthus genus.
The floral structure is typical of the Oleaceae family:
In male flowers, a sterile pistil (pistillode) is present, typically diamond-shaped or conical.
The fruit of ‘Jiulonggui’, when produced, is a drupe. It’s elliptical to obliquely elliptical in shape, usually 1-1.5 cm long. The endocarp is hard and bony, enclosing typically a single seed. The seed contains fleshy endosperm and flat cotyledons, with the radicle oriented upwards.
Cytologically, Osmanthus Fragrans ‘Jiulonggui’ has a chromosome base number of x=23, which is consistent across the Osmanthus genus.
This cultivar is particularly valued in Chinese horticulture for its intense, sweet fragrance, often likened to ripe apricots or peaches. It’s widely used in traditional gardens, modern landscaping, and for the production of scented teas and essential oils. The ‘Jiulonggui’ variety blooms primarily in autumn, typically from September to October, providing a delightful sensory experience as temperatures begin to cool.
Osmanthus fragrans ‘Mantiaohong’, commonly known as the Sweet Osmanthus or Tea Olive, is a cultivar prized for its vibrant orange-red flowers. This evergreen small tree or large shrub features a rounded crown with medium density and exhibits vigorous growth. Its compact habit makes it an excellent choice for gardens, particularly in USDA hardiness zones 7-10.
The foliage of ‘Mantiaohong’ is characterized by opposite, simple leaves that are leathery in texture and entire (smooth-edged). These dark green, glossy leaves measure 7-15 cm long and 2.5-5 cm wide, with noticeable glandular structures on both surfaces. Each leaf is supported by a short petiole, typically 0.5-1 cm in length.
The flowers are the most striking feature of this cultivar, blooming profusely in autumn and sometimes again in spring. They are bisexual, appearing in small clusters (umbels) in the leaf axils, often forming terminal corymbs. Each flower cluster is subtended by two bracts that are fused at the base, providing protection during bud development.
The floral structure is as follows:
In some flowers, a sterile pistil may be present, appearing diamond-shaped or conical, which is a characteristic of certain Osmanthus species.
The fruit, though rarely produced in cultivation, is a drupe (a fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed in a hard endocarp). It is elliptical or obliquely so, typically 1-1.5 cm long. The endocarp is hard or bony, usually containing a single seed. The seed’s endosperm is fleshy, with flat cotyledons and an upward-pointing radicle.
Genetically, Osmanthus fragrans ‘Mantiaohong’ has a chromosome base number of x=23, which is consistent across the Osmanthus genus.
This cultivar is highly valued in landscaping for its fragrant flowers and attractive foliage. It’s often used in hedges, as a specimen plant, or in mixed borders. The flowers are also used in tea production and perfumery, contributing a sweet, apricot-like scent.
Osmanthus fragrans ‘Qiu Gui’, commonly known as Sweet Osmanthus or Sweet Olive, is a prized cultivar of this perennial small tree or large shrub. It is characterized by its compact, rounded canopy and exceptionally fragrant autumn blooms. The bark is smooth in younger specimens, becoming slightly fissured with age, and is dotted with lenticels (pores) of varying sizes and shapes, including elliptical and circular forms.
The leaves are opposite, simple, and evergreen. They are leathery in texture, entire (smooth-edged), elliptic to oblong-lanceolate in shape, and typically 7-15 cm long. The leaf surface is glossy dark green above and lighter beneath, often with tiny glandular dots visible on both sides. The leaves are supported by short petioles (leaf stems).
The flowers of ‘Qiu Gui’ are particularly noteworthy, blooming profusely in autumn (hence the cultivar name, which means “Autumn Osmanthus” in Chinese). They are small (about 1 cm in diameter) but produced in great abundance, clustered in axillary cymes. The inflorescences are short and somewhat conical, with two small bracts at the base that are fused together.
Each flower is bisexual (containing both male and female parts), though some plants may produce only male or a mix of male and bisexual flowers. The calyx is small, bell-shaped, and divided into four lobes. The corolla is a warm, medium to golden yellow color, also bell-shaped, with four overlapping petals that are arranged in an imbricate pattern in bud.
The flower contains two stamens attached to the upper part of the corolla tube. The anthers often extend slightly beyond the corolla, sometimes ending in a small point. The ovary is superior and bicarpellary (two-chambered), with each chamber containing two pendulous ovules.
The style can vary in length, sometimes longer or shorter than the ovary, and is topped by a capitate (head-like) or bilobed stigma. In male flowers, a sterile pistil may be present, appearing as a narrow, drill-shaped or conical structure.
After pollination, the fruit develops into a drupe, oval to slightly oblique in shape, usually 1-1.5 cm long. The endocarp (inner layer of the fruit wall) is hard or bony. Typically, only one of the four ovules develops into a viable seed. The seed contains fleshy endosperm, with flat cotyledons and an upward-pointing radicle.
Genetically, Osmanthus fragrans has a base chromosome number of x=23, making it a diploid species with 2n=46 chromosomes.
‘Qiu Gui’ is highly valued in East Asian horticulture for its intense fragrance, often described as similar to ripe apricots or peaches. It is widely cultivated for ornamental purposes, traditional medicine, and the production of scented teas and other aromatic products.
Osmanthus fragrans ‘Xiaoye Fodingzhu’, also known as Small-leaved Buddha’s Cup Sweet Olive, is a cultivar of the highly prized fragrant olive. This perennial shrub or small tree is renowned for its exquisite fragrance and compact growth habit, making it particularly suitable for container gardening.
Morphology:
The leaves are opposite, simple, and leathery with entire margins. They are characterized by their small size, which is the defining feature of this cultivar (‘Xiaoye’ means small-leaved in Chinese). The foliage is evergreen, glossy, and dotted with glands on both surfaces, contributing to its aromatic properties.
Flowers:
The flowers are bisexual or sometimes functionally dioecious. They form umbel-like clusters in the leaf axils, with a distinctive short conical inflorescence at the branch tips. Each flower is subtended by two bracts that are fused at the base.
Floral structure:
Fruit:
The fruit is a drupe, oval to obliquely oval in shape. It has a hard or bony endocarp and typically contains a single seed. The seed has fleshy endosperm, flat cotyledons, and an upward-pointing radicle.
Genetic information:
The basic chromosome number for Osmanthus fragrans is x=23.
Cultivation and characteristics:
‘Xiaoye Fodingzhu’ is notable for its precocious flowering, with seedlings capable of blooming in their first year. During the flowering period, the inflorescences concentrate at the tips of new shoots. Just before the buds open, they resemble white pearls, which inspired the cultivar name ‘Fodingzhu’, meaning Buddha’s head pearls in Chinese.
This cultivar is particularly well-suited for container cultivation due to its compact growth habit and small leaves. It offers gardeners the opportunity to enjoy the legendary fragrance of sweet olive in smaller spaces or in regions where the plant is not hardy in the ground.
The intense, sweet fragrance of ‘Xiaoye Fodingzhu’ makes it a prized ornamental plant in East Asian gardens, especially in China where it has cultural significance. Its adaptability to pot culture allows for flexible placement to maximize enjoyment of its scent, such as near patios, entrances, or windows.
Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yu ling long’ is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to East China, renowned for its intricate and elegant appearance. This cultivar features an elliptical crown, strong upright branching, and vigorous growth habit.
The foliage consists of opposite, single leaves that are leathery in texture with entire margins. These leaves typically display glandular dots on both surfaces and are supported by petioles. The leaf arrangement and structure contribute to the plant’s dense, compact appearance.
The floral characteristics of ‘Yu ling long’ are complex and varied. Flowers can be bisexual or unisexual (dioecious), arranged in umbellate inflorescences clustered in leaf axils or in short, conical terminal inflorescences.
Each inflorescence is subtended by two bracts that are fused at the base. The calyx is bell-shaped with four lobes, while the corolla ranges from lemon yellow to milky white in color. The corolla is urn-shaped with four lobes that are arranged in an imbricate pattern in bud.
The androecium consists of two stamens attached to the upper part of the corolla tube. The anther connective often extends into a small tip. The gynoecium features a two-chambered ovary, each chamber containing two pendulous ovules. The pistil can be longer or shorter than the ovary and is topped with a capitate stigma or one that is shallowly two-lobed. In male flowers, the pistil is sterile and either diamond-shaped or conical.
Fruits of Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yu ling long’ are drupes, either elliptical or obliquely so. The endocarp is hard or bony, usually containing a single seed. The seed’s endosperm is fleshy, with flat cotyledons and an upward-pointing radicle. The chromosome base number for the species is x=23.
‘Yu ling long’ is distinguished by its particularly dense branching pattern, narrow leaves, and profuse flowering. These characteristics combine to create a highly ornamental plant that lives up to its name, which implies an intricate and refined appearance. This cultivar is widely cultivated for its aesthetic value and sweet fragrance, making it a popular choice in traditional Chinese gardens and modern landscapes alike.
Osmanthus fragrans ‘Zhuang Yuan Hong’, commonly known as Sweet Osmanthus or Tea Olive, is a cultivar of the evergreen shrub or small tree prized for its fragrant flowers and ornamental value. This particular variety is distinguished by its vibrant orange-red blossoms.
Morphology:
The plant exhibits a spherical crown with dense branching, creating a full, rounded appearance. Its bark is dark gray and moderately covered with round lenticels, which are important for gas exchange.
Foliage:
Leaves are opposite, simple, and leathery with entire margins. They are characterized by their glossy texture and the presence of glandular dots on both surfaces, which contribute to the plant’s aromatic qualities. Each leaf is attached to the stem by a distinct petiole (leaf stalk).
Flowers:
The flowering system of ‘Zhuang Yuan Hong’ is complex, featuring both bisexual and unisexual (male) flowers. The inflorescences are umbellate, clustered in leaf axils, with some forming short conical clusters at branch terminals. Key floral features include:
Fruit:
The fruit is a drupe, elliptical or obliquely so, containing a hard or bony endocarp. Typically, only one seed develops per fruit. The seed structure includes fleshy endosperm, flat cotyledons, and an upward-pointing radicle.
Genetics:
The chromosome base number for Osmanthus fragrans is x=23, which is important for understanding its genetic makeup and potential for breeding.
Cultivation:
‘Zhuang Yuan Hong’ is valued in landscaping for its compact growth habit, evergreen foliage, and especially for its fragrant, orange-red flowers that bloom in late summer to early fall. It thrives in well-drained, slightly acidic soils and prefers partial to full sun exposure. This cultivar is particularly suited for hedges, foundation plantings, or as a specimen plant in gardens where its sweet fragrance can be appreciated.
Cultural Significance:
The name ‘Zhuang Yuan Hong’ likely refers to the prestigious title “Zhuang Yuan” in ancient Chinese imperial examinations, with “Hong” meaning red, suggesting this cultivar’s flowers are as prized and vibrant as the honored scholar’s red robes.
Osmanthus fragrans ‘Tian Xiang Taige’ is a captivating evergreen shrub or small tree belonging to the Oleaceae family. This unique cultivar stands out among osmanthus varieties for its distinctive floral characteristics and intense fragrance.
The plant features thick to thin leathery leaves, typical of the species. Its flowers are particularly noteworthy, with corollas that can be white, yellowish-white, or orange-red in color. The blossoms may take on bell-shaped, cylindrical, or urn-shaped forms. A distinguishing feature of ‘Tian Xiang Taige’ is the tile-like arrangement of its flower buds, creating an aesthetically pleasing pattern.
What sets ‘Tian Xiang Taige’ apart is its fascinating floral morphology. Within the normal flowers and leaf-like structures, it exhibits a phenomenon known as proliferation, where additional leaves or flowers develop. This creates an intriguing display of “flowers within flowers” or “leaves hidden within flowers.” This unique characteristic, coupled with its exceptionally potent fragrance, inspired its Chinese name “Tian Xiang Taige,” which poetically describes its heavenly scent and tiered appearance.
Native to Southwest China, Osmanthus fragrans ‘Tian Xiang Taige’ has also naturalized in parts of Southeast Asia and the Americas. It thrives in warm, humid environments and is not tolerant of frost. The cultivar typically flowers from early September to October, with fruits developing and maturing by March of the following year. The fruits are drupes, elliptical or obliquely elliptical in shape.
‘Tian Xiang Taige’ boasts exceptional ornamental value, making it a prized addition to gardens and landscapes. Its bright, aromatic flowers create stunning visual and olfactory displays. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, this cultivar holds significant economic importance.
The flowers are cherished in Chinese culture for their exquisite fragrance and are often used in the perfume industry. Additionally, they serve as a popular flavoring agent in various culinary applications, including teas, desserts, and savory dishes.
To cultivate Osmanthus fragrans ‘Tian Xiang Taige’ successfully, provide it with well-draining, slightly acidic soil and partial to full sun exposure. Regular pruning after flowering helps maintain its shape and promote abundant blooming in subsequent seasons. While it’s generally disease-resistant, monitoring for potential pest issues, particularly scale insects, is advisable for optimal health and performance.
Oxalis corniculata, commonly known as creeping woodsorrel or yellow woodsorrel, is a versatile perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Oxalidaceae family. This widespread species exhibits a remarkable adaptability to various environments and offers multiple uses in horticulture, medicine, and culinary applications.
Morphology and Growth Habits:
The plant features slender, multi-branched stems that can be either erect or creeping. The creeping stems develop roots at the nodes, enabling the plant to spread efficiently. Leaves are trifoliate, arranged either basally or alternately along the stem, with small, elongated oval or ovate stipules. The flowers are distinctive, with pale red pedicels and vibrant yellow petals that are elongated oval or obovate in shape. The plant’s reproductive structures include nearly cylindrical, ribbed capsules covered in soft hairs, containing flat-ovate seeds that are brown to reddish-brown in color.
Distribution and Habitat:
Oxalis corniculata has a cosmopolitan distribution, found throughout China and across temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, the Mediterranean, and North America. Its prevalence is a testament to its adaptability and robust nature.
Growing Conditions:
This species thrives in sunny, warm, and moist environments but demonstrates considerable flexibility in its habitat preferences. It can be found in diverse settings, including grasslands, roadsides, valleys, and damp forest understories. In regions with hot summers, it shows a preference for semi-shaded areas. The plant exhibits strong drought resistance but is not frost-tolerant. While it can grow in most garden soils, it flourishes in humus-rich sandy loam. Oxalis corniculata experiences a brief period of summer dormancy, which is an important consideration for gardeners.
Propagation:
Creeping woodsorrel reproduces through two primary methods: vegetative propagation via its perennial root system and seed dispersal. This dual strategy contributes to its successful spread and establishment in various environments.
Medicinal and Culinary Uses:
In traditional medicine, Oxalis corniculata is valued for its therapeutic properties. It is believed to have heat-clearing and dampness-eliminating effects, as well as blood-cooling and stasis-dispersing properties. The plant also demonstrates detoxifying and anti-inflammatory capabilities. Scientific studies have confirmed its antibacterial properties, showing efficacy against various bacterial strains.
The tender stems and leaves of Oxalis corniculata are edible and can be incorporated into cold dishes or soups. They offer a distinctively sour taste that is both refreshing and appetite-stimulating. However, it’s important to note that the plant contains oxalic acid, which should be consumed in moderation, especially by individuals prone to kidney stones or those with certain health conditions.
Horticultural and Practical Applications:
As an excellent groundcover, Oxalis corniculata is valuable in garden design and landscaping. Its low-growing habit and ability to spread make it an effective choice for filling gaps in rock gardens, softening edges of pathways, or creating a living carpet in shaded areas.
The plant’s high oxalic acid content also lends itself to practical uses. Historically, the stems and leaves have been employed as a natural polishing agent for copper items, including mirrors and utensils, due to the acid’s ability to remove tarnish and restore shine.
Flowering and Fruiting Period:
Oxalis corniculata has an extended reproductive season, flowering and fruiting from February to September in most regions. This long period of activity contributes to its success as a species and provides an extended display for gardeners.
In conclusion, Oxalis corniculata is a multifaceted plant that offers both aesthetic and practical benefits. Its adaptability, medicinal properties, culinary uses, and effectiveness as a groundcover make it a valuable species in various contexts, from traditional medicine to modern gardening. However, its vigorous growth habits should be monitored in garden settings to prevent unwanted spread.
The Redwood Sorrel, Oxalis corymbosa, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Oxalidaceae family. It has basal leaves with three small, flat, round, heart-shaped leaflets that have an indentation at the tip. The stipules are oblong, tapering at the top, and fused at the base with the petiole.
The inflorescence stem is also basal, forming a bifurcated corymb, typically arranged in an umbellate pattern. The plant has five petals, heart-shaped and ranging in color from light purple to purplish-red.
It blooms and bears fruit between March and December. Named for its sour-tasting sap, the Redwood Sorrel with red flowers is known specifically as Redwood Sorrel.
Originally from the tropical regions of South America, the Redwood Sorrel was introduced to areas north of the Yangtze River in China as an ornamental plant. It has naturalized in various southern regions, growing in low-altitude mountains, along roadsides, in wastelands, and in paddy fields.
This species thrives in sunlit, warm, and moist environments. In regions with hot summers, it benefits from partial shade. While drought-tolerant, it is sensitive to cold temperatures. Propagation is primarily achieved through division of the bulbous rootstock, although seed propagation is also possible.
Oxalis corymbosa prefers well-drained, humus-rich soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. Regular watering is essential, especially during dry periods, but care should be taken to avoid waterlogging. In colder climates, it may be grown as an annual or brought indoors during winter.
The entire plant has applications in traditional herbal medicine, valued for its sour taste and cooling properties. It is utilized to clear heat and dampness, detoxify the body, and alleviate stasis and swelling. However, it should be used with caution due to its high oxalic acid content, which can be harmful if consumed in large quantities.
The ornamental value of Oxalis corymbosa is significant. When in full bloom, it creates a captivating display of green foliage punctuated by clusters of rose-colored flowers. This visual appeal makes it popular in rock gardens, as groundcover, or in hanging baskets.
An interesting feature of Oxalis corymbosa is its nyctinastic movement – the flowers and leaves are photosensitive, closing at night and on overcast or rainy days. This characteristic has earned it the poetic name “Night Plum” in some cultures and has led to its association with indecisiveness in flower language.
In cultivation, regular deadheading can promote continuous blooming. While generally low-maintenance, monitoring for common pests such as aphids and spider mites is advisable. Its vigorous growth and self-seeding capacity in favorable conditions mean it can become invasive in some regions, requiring careful management in garden settings.
Oxalis triangularis, commonly known as the Purple Shamrock or False Shamrock, is a striking perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the wood sorrel family, Oxalidaceae. This species is prized for its distinctive triangular leaves and delicate flowers, making it a popular ornamental plant in gardens and as a houseplant.
Morphology:
The Purple Shamrock grows in compact clumps, featuring basal leaves arising from underground bulbs. Each leaf consists of three heart-shaped leaflets, joined at their bases to form a triangular shape. The foliage is most notable for its rich purple-burgundy color, although green varieties also exist. The leaves are photonastic, folding downward at night or in low light conditions and opening again in daylight.
Long, slender petioles support the leaves, elevating them above the soil. The plant typically reaches a height of 6-12 inches (15-30 cm), with a similar spread.
Flowers:
Oxalis triangularis produces delicate, funnel-shaped flowers in umbel-like clusters. The blooms are usually pale pink to white, with some cultivars exhibiting deeper pink or lavender hues. Each flower has five petals and measures about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. Flowering occurs from spring through fall, with peak blooming periods in spring and autumn. In ideal conditions, the plant may flower almost continuously.
Origin and Distribution:
Native to several regions of South America, particularly Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia, the Purple Shamrock has been widely cultivated and naturalized in many parts of the world. It is now found in gardens and as a houseplant across various continents, including North America, Europe, and Asia.
Growing Conditions:
This species thrives in:
The Purple Shamrock exhibits some drought tolerance and can withstand short periods of neglect. During the hottest parts of summer, it may enter a period of dormancy, during which growth slows or stops, and some leaves may die back. This is a normal part of its growth cycle.
Propagation:
Oxalis triangularis can be propagated through several methods:
Uses:
Care Tips:
The Purple Shamrock is a fascinating and low-maintenance plant that adds a unique touch of color and texture to any garden or indoor space. Its purple foliage and delicate flowers make it a standout choice for plant enthusiasts and novice gardeners alike.
Peggie was once a high school mathematics teacher, but she set aside her chalkboard and textbooks to follow her lifelong passion for flowers. After years of dedication and learning, she not only established a thriving flower shop but also founded this blog, “Flowers Library”. If you have any questions or wish to learn more about flowers, feel free to contact Peggie.
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